People consume information through various mediums, such as television, radio, and social media. But how can we understand the impact of media and communication on society? One way is to look at it through a sociological lens, specifically the theory of functionalism. In this article, we will explore the theory of functionalism and its key concepts. We’ll also look at its relevance in media and communication.
What is Functionalism?
Functionalism is a sociological theory that emerged in the early 20th century. It primarily uses the works of Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. The theory views society as a complex system made up of interconnected parts. These parts work together to maintain social stability and order. The theory further suggests that each part of society has a specific function or purpose. Also, that these functions are interdependent.
Key Concepts of Functionalism
Several key concepts underlie Functionalism and help to explain how society works. These concepts include social structure, social functions, and social equilibrium.
Social Structure: According to Functionalism, society has a structure or system that consists of interconnected parts. This includes institutions, organisations, and groups. These parts work together to form a functioning society.
Social Functions: Each part of society has a specific function or purpose. These functions contribute to the overall stability of society. For example, the media serves the function of providing information and entertainment to the public.
Social Equilibrium: The theory suggests that society is always striving for balance or equilibrium. When one part of society experiences a change, the other parts adjust to maintain balance.
Applying Functionalism to Media and Communication
Functionalism helps us to understand the role of media and communication in society. Media and communication serve several functions in society, including providing information, entertainment, and socialisation.
Providing Information: The media serves as a primary source of information for people. News outlets, for example, provide information about current events and issues in the world. This function of the media is crucial to maintaining an informed public. This is essential for democracy.
Entertainment: The media also serves the function of entertainment. Television shows, movies, and music provide people with an escape from their daily lives. Also, it allows people to relax and enjoy themselves. This function of the media is important for people’s mental health and wellbeing.
Socialisation: The media also plays a role in socialisation. It helps to shape people’s beliefs, values, and attitudes about the world. For example, children learn about gender roles and societal norms through the media they consume.
Critiques of Functionalism
While functionalism has been influential in understanding society, it has also faced several critiques. One critique is that it does not account for social change and conflict. Functionalism views society as always striving for balance, but this is not always the case. Societies can experience social change and conflict. Therefore, the theory does not account for how these factors can lead to changes in social structure and functions.
Another critique of functionalism is that it does not consider power dynamics and inequalities in society. The theory suggests that each part of society has a function. However, it does not address how some groups may have more power and control over society than others.
Conclusion
Functionalism is a sociological theory that provides a framework for understanding how society works. It views society as a complex system made up of interconnected parts that work together. This helps to maintain social stability and order. When applied to media and communications, the theory helps us understand the important role that it plays. It provides information, entertainment, and socialisation to the public. While functionalism has faced critiques, it remains a valuable tool for understanding society from a sociological perspective.
References
Giddens, A. (2009). Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Merton, R. K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. Simon and Schuster.
Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. New York: Free Press.
Ritzer, G. (2013). Sociological Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.